Home
Endowment Effect
‘This patternthe fact that people often demand much more to give up an object than they would be willing to pay to acquire itis called the endowment effect (Thaler, 1980).’
Thaler (1992) [book]
‘The endowment effect is a hypothesis that people value a good more once their property right to it has been established. In other words, people place a higher value on objects they own relative to objects they do not. In one experiment, people demanded a higher price for a coffee mug that had been given to them but put a lower price on one they did not yet own. The endowment effect was described as inconsistent with standard economic theory which asserts that a person's willingness to pay (WTP) for a good should be equal to their willingness to accept (WTA) compensation to be deprived of the good. This hypothesis underlies consumer theory and indifference curves.’
Wikipedia (2006)
‘We also have a bias toward keeping the securities we inherit instead of investing them in vehicles that are more appropriate to our needs (the endowment effect ).’
Nofsinger (2001) page 3
‘Endowment effect. People often demand much more to sell an object than they would be willing to pay to buy it.’
Nofsinger (2001) page 35
‘Thaler (1980) coined the term “endowment effect ” to refer to the finding that randomly assigned owners of an object appear to value the object more than randomly assigned non-owners of the object. For instance, in one well-known series of endowment effect experiments, Kahneman, Knetsch and Thaler (1990) found that randomly assigned owners of a mug required significantly more money to part with their possession (around $7) than randomly assigned buyers were willing to pay to acquire it (around $3). Kahneman et al. (1990, 1991) and Tversky and Kahneman (1991) attributed this result to loss aversion: owners’ loss of the mug loomed larger than buyers’ gain of the mug.’
Gal (2006)
‘The endowment effect (Thaler 1980), also known as “status quo bias” (Samuelson and Zeckhauser 1988), is the phenomenon in which most people would demand a considerably higher price for a product that they own than they would be prepared to pay for it (Weber 1993).’
Goldberg and von Nitzsch (1999), page 99
Links
Bibliography
KAHNEMAN, D., J.L. KNETSCH and R.H. THALER, 1990. Experimental tests of the endowment effect and the Coase theorem . Journal of Political Economy. [Cited by 1012 ] (54.24/year)
KAHNEMAN, D., J.L. KNETSCH and R.H. THALER, 1991. Anomalies: The endowment effect, loss aversion, and status quo bias . The Journal of Economic Perspectives. [Cited by 845 ] (47.86/year)
KNETSCH, J.L., 1989. The endowment effect and evidence of nonreversible indifference curves . The American Economic Review. [Cited by 325 ] (16.53/year)
VAN, L., D. DUNNING and G. LOEWENSTEIN, 2000. Egocentric empathy gaps between owners and buyers: misperceptions of the endowment effect. . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. [Cited by 88 ] (10.16/year)
KNETSCH, J.L., F.F. TANG and R.H. THALER, 2001. The endowment effect and repeated market trials: is the Vickrey auction demand revealing? . Experimental Economics. [Cited by 56 ] (7.31/year)
FRANCIOSI, R., et al. , 1996. Experimental tests of the endowment effect . Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization. [Cited by 44 ] (3.48/year)
EFFECT, E., the Coase Theorem. Journal of Political Economy. [Cited by 16 ] (?/year)
HARBAUGH, W.T., K. KRAUSE and L. VESTERLUND, 2001. Are adults better behaved than children? Age, experience, and the endowment effect . Economics Letters. [Cited by 28 ] (3.66/year)
VAN, E. and D. VAN, 1996. Buying and selling exchange goods: Loss aversion and the endowment effect . Journal of Economic Psychology. [Cited by 32 ] (2.53/year)
MORRISON, G.C., 1998. Understanding the disparity between WTP and WTA: endowment effect, substitutability, or imprecise … . Economics Letters. [Cited by 28 ] (2.63/year)
ORTONA, G. and F. SCACCIATI, 1992. New experiments on the endowment effect . Journal of Economic Psychology. [Cited by 24 ] (1.44/year)
VAN, L., G. LOEWENSTEIN and D. DUNNING, 2003. Mispredicting the endowment effect: Underestimation of owners' selling prices by buyer's agents . Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization. [Cited by 30 ] (5.30/year)
MORRISON, G.C., 1997. Willingness to pay and willingness to accept: some evidence of an endowment effect . Applied Economics. [Cited by 44 ] (3.77/year)
HUCK, S., J. OECHSSLER and G. KIRCHSTEIGER, Learning to like what you have-explaining the endowment effect . papers.ssrn.com. [Cited by 44 ] (?/year)
PRELEC, D., 1990. A “Pseudo-endowment” effect, and its implications for some recent nonexpected utility models . Journal of Risk and Uncertainty. [Cited by 28 ] (1.50/year)
MORRISON…, G., 2000. The endowment effect and expected utility . Scottish Journal of Political Economy. [Cited by 24 ] (2.77/year)
TVERSKY, A. and D. GRIFFIN, ds.). [PDF] ► Endowment and contrast in judgments of well-being . Fritz Strack, Michael Argyle, Norbert Schwarz . [Cited by 139 ] (?/year)
VAN, E. and D. VAN, 1998. Trading wine: On the endowment effect, loss aversion, and the comparability of consumer goods . Journal of Economic Psychology. [Cited by 20 ] (1.88/year)
PLOTT, C.R. and K. ZEILER, 2003. The willingness to pay/willingness to accept gap, the ‘endowment effect'and experimental procedures … . California Institute of Technology Working Paper. [Cited by 16 ] (2.83/year)
LOEWENSTEIN, G. and D. ADLER, 1995. A bias in the prediction of tastes . The Economic Journal. [Cited by 162 ] (11.86/year)
THALER, R.H., D. KAHNEMAN and J.L. KNETSCH, 1992. The endowment effect, loss aversion and status quo bias. R. Thaler The Winner's Curse. Princeton University Press. …. [Cited by 22 ] (1.32/year)
LERNER, J.S., D.A. SMALL and G. LOEWENSTEIN, Heart strings and purse strings . ingentaconnect.com. [Cited by 108 ] (?/year)
SHOGREN, J.F., et al. , 1994. Resolving differences in willingness to pay and willingness to accept . The American Economic Review. [Cited by 348 ] (23.74/year)
KOROBKIN, R.B., 2003. The Endowment Effect and Legal Analysis . Northwestern University Law Review. [Cited by 22 ] (3.89/year)
BROWN, T.C., 2005. Loss aversion without the endowment effect, and other explanations for the WTA-WTP disparity . Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization. [Cited by 15 ] (4.10/year)
LIST, J.A., 2004. Neoclassical theory versus prospect theory: Evidence from the marketplace . Econometrica. [Cited by 134 ] (28.77/year)
KNETSCH, J.L., R.H. THALER and D. KAHNEMAN, 1990. Experimental tests of the endowment effect and the Coase theorem. Journal of Political Economy. [Cited by 16 ] (0.86/year)
MACDONALD, H.F. and J.M. BOWKER, 1994. [PDF] ► The endowment effect and WTA: a quasi-experimental test . Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics. [Cited by 12 ] (0.82/year)
MANDEL, D.R., 2002. Beyond mere ownership: transaction demand as a moderator of the endowment effect . Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes. [Cited by 13 ] (1.95/year)
GOETZMANN, W.N. and N. PELES, 1997. Cognitive dissonance and mutual fund investors . Journal of Financial Research. [Cited by 178 ] (15.27/year)
NOVEMSKY, N. and D. KAHNEMAN, 2005. How do intentions affect loss aversion? . Journal of marketing research. [Cited by 27 ] (7.38/year)
PLOTT, C.R. and K. ZEILER, 2007. Exchange asymmetries incorrectly interpreted as evidence of endowment effect theory and prospect … . American Economic Review. [Cited by 14 ] (8.45/year)
CARPENTER, J., E. VERHOOGEN and S. BURKS, 2005. The effect of stakes in distribution experiments . Economics Letters. [Cited by 29 ] (7.93/year)
MORRISON, G.C., 1997. Resolving differences in willingness to pay and willingness to accept: comment . The American Economic Review. [Cited by 29 ] (2.49/year)
LOEWENSTEIN, G. and D. KAHNEMAN, 1991. Explaining the endowment effect. [Cited by 12 ] (0.68/year)
LUSK, J.L. and T.C. SCHROEDER, 2002. An alternative test for the endowment effect. Starkville, MS: Working Paper Mississippi State University, …. [Cited by 12 ] (1.80/year)
CRAWFORD, V.P. and H.R. VARIAN, 1979. Distortion of preferences and the Nash theory of bargaining . Economics Letters. [Cited by 33 ] (1.11/year)
RUBINSTEIN, M.E., 1973. A comparative statics analysis of risk premiums . Journal of Business. [Cited by 81 ] (2.27/year)
HOVENKAMP, H., 1991. Legal policy and the endowment effect . The Journal of Legal Studies. [Cited by 11 ] (0.62/year)
INDER, B. and T.O.&.#.3.9.;.B.R.I.E.N. , 2003. The endowment effect and the role of uncertainty . Bulletin of Economic Research. [Cited by 10 ] (1.77/year)
SALKELD, G., M. RYAN and L. SHORT, 2000. The veil of experience: do consumers prefer what they know best? . Health Economics. [Cited by 50 ] (5.78/year)
LOUREIRO, M.L., W.J. UMBERGER and S. HINE, 2003. Testing the initial endowment effect in experimental auctions . Applied Economics Letters. [Cited by 8 ] (1.41/year)
RABAN, D.R. and S. RAFAELI, 2003. Subjective value of information: The endowment effect . IADIS International Conference: e-Society. [Cited by 8 ] (1.41/year)
NAYAKANKUPPAM, D. and H. MISHRA, 2005. The endowment effect: Rose-tinted and dark-tinted glasses . Journal of Consumer Research. [Cited by 9 ] (2.46/year)
HARLESS, D.W., 1989. More laboratory evidence on the disparity between willingness to pay and compensation demanded . Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization. [Cited by 39 ] (1.98/year)
LEVY, J.S., 1994. An introduction to prospect theory . Avoiding losses/taking risks: Prospect theory and …. [Cited by 87 ] (5.94/year)
KAHNEMAN, D. and J. KNETSCH, R. Thaler.(1990)." Experimental Tests of the Endowment Effect and the Coase Theorem,". Journal of Political Economy. [Cited by 10 ] (?/year)
DUPONT, D.Y. and G.S. LEE, 2002. The endowment effect, status quo bias and loss aversion: rational alternative explanation . Journal of risk and uncertainty. [Cited by 9 ] (1.35/year)
BLUMENSCHEIN, K., et al. , 1998. Experimental results on expressed certainty and hypothetical bias in contingent valuation . Southern Economic Journal. [Cited by 83 ] (7.79/year)
CORRIGAN, J.R. and M. ROUSU, 2003. The Endowment Effect in the Absence of Loss Aversion. [Cited by 9 ] (1.59/year)
ZHANG, Y. and A. FISHBACH, 2005. The role of anticipated emotions in the endowment effect . Journal of Consumer Psychology. [Cited by 7 ] (1.91/year)
SHOGREN, J.F., et al. , 2001. Auction mechanisms and the measurement of WTP and WTA . Resource and Energy Economics. [Cited by 52 ] (6.79/year)
THALER, R., 1980. [PDF] ► Toward a positive theory of consumer choice . Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization. [Cited by 1367 ] (47.70/year)
KAHNEMAN, D., J.L. KNETSCH and R.H. THALER, 1991. The Endowment Effect. Loss Aversion. [Cited by 8 ] (0.45/year)
NOVEMSKY, N. and D. KAHNEMAN, 2005. The boundaries of loss aversion . Journal of Marketing Research. [Cited by 80 ] (21.87/year)
FALK, A. and E. FEHR, 2003. Why labour market experiments? . Labour Economics. [Cited by 48 ] (8.48/year)
LOEWENSTEIN, G. and S. ISSACHAROFF, 1994. Source dependence in the valuation of objects . Journal of Behavioral Decision Making. [Cited by 44 ] (3.00/year)
KOLSTAD, C.D., R.M. GUZMAN and D.E.P.T... OF, 1999. [PDF] ► Information and the divergence between willingness to accept and willingness to pay . Journal of Environmental Economics and Management. [Cited by 49 ] (5.07/year)
TVERSKY, A. and D. KAHNEMAN, 1991. Loss aversion in riskless choice: A reference-dependent model . The Quarterly Journal of Economics. [Cited by 1276 ] (72.27/year)
KAHNEMAN, D. and J. KNETSCH, R. Thaler (1991), The Endowment Effect, Loss Aversion, and Status Quo Bias. Journal of Economic Perspectives. [Cited by 7 ] (?/year)
KAHNEMAN, D., J.L. KNETSCH and R.H. THALER, 1990. Experimental tests ofthe endowment effect and the coase theorem. Journal ofPolitical Economy. [Cited by 7 ] (0.38/year)
ARIELY, D., J. HUBER and K. WERTENBROCH, 2005. When do losses loom larger than gains? . Journal of Marketing Research. [Cited by 24 ] (6.56/year)
AULT, R.W., J.D. JACKSON and R.P. SABA, 1994. The effect of long-term rent control on tenant mobility. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management. [Cited by 16 ] (1.09/year)
PLOTT, C.R. and K. ZEILER, 2005. The Willingness to Pay-Willingness to Accept Gap, the HEndowment Effect,” Subject Misconceptions, … . American Economic Review. [Cited by 102 ] (27.89/year)
BROWN, T.C. and R. GREGORY, 1999. Why the WTA-WTP disparity matters . Ecological Economics. [Cited by 52 ] (5.38/year)
HEYMAN, J.E., Y. ORHUN and D. ARIELY, 2004. [PDF] ► Auction fever: The effect of opponents and quasi-endowment on product valuations . Journal of Interactive Marketing. [Cited by 33 ] (7.09/year)
KAHNEMAN, D., J. KNETSCH and R.H. THALER, 1991. Anomalies: The Endowment Effect. Loss Aversion, and Status QuoBias,'' …. [Cited by 6 ] (0.34/year)
KAHNEMAN, D. and K. JL, Thaler R.(1991): The endowment effect, loss aversion, and status quo bias: Anomalies. Journal of Economic Perspectives. [Cited by 6 ] (?/year)
KAHNEMAN, D. and L.K. JACK, Richard Thaler. 1990.“Experimental Tests of the Endowment Effect and the Coase Theorem,”. Journal of Political Economy. [Cited by 6 ] (?/year)
VAN, N., M. ZEELENBERG and E. VAN, 2005. Buying and selling exchange goods: Outcome information, curiosity and the endowment effect . Journal of Economic Psychology. [Cited by 5 ] (1.37/year)
NOUSSAIR, C., S. ROBIN and B. RUFFIEUX, 1998. The effect of transaction costs on double auction markets . Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization. [Cited by 19 ] (1.78/year)
WOLF, J.R., H.R. ARKES and W.A. MUHANNA, Is Overbidding in Online Auctions the Result of a Pseudo-Endowment Effect? . papers.ssrn.com. [Cited by 6 ] (?/year)
STRAHILEVITZ, M.A. and G. LOEWENSTEIN, 1998. The effect of ownership history on the valuation of objects . Journal of Consumer Research. [Cited by 87 ] (8.16/year)
JACQUES, S., 1992. Award-Winning Undergraduate Paper: The Endowment Effect and the Coase Theorem . American Journal of Agricultural Economics. [Cited by 5 ] (0.30/year)
SHOGREN, J.F., 2003. EXPER1MENTAL METHODS AND VALUAT1ON . Handbook of Environmental Economics. [Cited by 42 ] (7.42/year)
NALLEY, L., D. HUDSON and G. PARKHURST, 2005. The initial endowment effect in experimental auctions revisited: further evidence . Applied economics letters. [Cited by 5 ] (1.37/year)
GRETHER, D.M., 1994. Individual behavior and market performance . American Journal of Agricultural Economics. [Cited by 20 ] (1.36/year)
SILEO, P.W., 1995. Intransitivity of indifference, strong monotonicity, and the endowment effect . Journal of Economic Theory. [Cited by 5 ] (0.37/year)
LEVY, J.S., 1996. Loss aversion, framing, and bargaining: The implications of prospect theory for international … . International Political Science Review/Revue internationale …. [Cited by 37 ] (2.92/year)
KAHNEMAN, D. and A. TVERSKY, J. Knetsch, R. Thaler (1990)“Experimental Tests of the Endowment Effect and the Coase Theorem,”. Journal of Political Economy. [Cited by 5 ] (?/year)
PLOTT, C.R. and K. ZEILER, 2005. The Willingness to Pay-Willingness to Accept Gap, the “Endowment Effect,”. Subject Misconceptions, and Experimental Procedures for …. [Cited by 5 ] (1.37/year)
EFFECT, E., Loss Aversion, and Status Quo Bias.". The Journal of Economic. [Cited by 3 ] (?/year)
RYAN, M. and C. UBACH, 2003. Testing for an experience endowment effect in health care . Applied Economics Letters. [Cited by 4 ] (0.71/year)
PICARD, R.W. and S.B. DAILY, 2005. [PDF] ► Evaluating affective interactions: Alternatives to asking what users feel . CHI Workshop on Evaluating Affective Interfaces: Innovative …. [Cited by 33 ] (9.02/year)
FREY, B.S. and R. EICHENBERGER, 1991. Anomalies in political economy . Public Choice. [Cited by 27 ] (1.53/year)
REES, H. and A. SHAH, 1986. An empirical analysis of self-employment in the UK . Journal of Applied Econometrics. [Cited by 275 ] (12.14/year)
GARTNER, H. and S. R?SSLER, 2005. [PDF] ► Analyzing the changing gender wage gap based on multiply imputed right censored wages . IAB DiscussionPaper: Beitr?ge zum wissenschaftlichen Dialog …. [Cited by 16 ] (4.37/year)
TOM, G., et al. , 2007. Mere exposure and the endowment effect on consumer decision making . The Journal of Psychology: Interdisciplinary and Applied. [Cited by 4 ] (2.41/year)
BOURASSA, S.C., 1994. [PDF] ► Immigration and housing tenure choice in Australia . Journal of Housing Research. [Cited by 23 ] (1.57/year)
CORRIGAN, J.R. and M.C. ROUSU, 2006. The effect of initial endowments in experimental auctions . American Journal of Agricultural Economics. [Cited by 12 ] (4.52/year)
ANDERHUB, V., et al. , 2001. On the interaction of risk and time preferences: An experimental study . German Economic Review. [Cited by 23 ] (3.00/year)
OAXACA, R.L. and M.R. RANSOM, 1999. Identification in detailed wage decompositions . Review of Economics and Statistics. [Cited by 146 ] (15.12/year)
SHEPHERD, D.A. and A. ZACHARAKIS, 2000. Structuring Family Business Succession: An Analysis of the Future Leader's Decision Making. . Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice. [Cited by 28 ] (3.23/year)
BORGES, B.F.J. and J.L. KNETSCH, 1998. Tests of market outcomes with asymmetric valuations of gains and losses: Smaller gains, fewer trades … . Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization. [Cited by 19 ] (1.78/year)
WEBER, M. and C.F. CAMERER, 1998. The disposition effect in securities trading: an experimental analysis . Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization. [Cited by 210 ] (19.70/year)
LIST, J.A., 2003. Does Market Experience Eliminate Market Anomalies?* . Quarterly Journal of Economics. [Cited by 226 ] (39.95/year)
LEVIN, I.P., et al. , 2002. A tale of two pizzas: building up from a basic product versus scaling down from a fully-loaded … . Marketing Letters. [Cited by 14 ] (2.10/year)
ROSENZWEIG, M.R. and T.P. SCHULTZ, 1983. Estimating a household production function: Heterogeneity, the demand for health inputs, and their … . The Journal of Political Economy. [Cited by 308 ] (12.00/year)
CARMICHAEL, H.L. and W.B. MACLEOD, 2006. Welfare economics with intransitive revealed preferences: A theory of the endowment effect . Journal of Public Economic Theory. [Cited by 4 ] (1.51/year)
BENARTZI, S. and R.H. THALER, 1995. Myopic loss aversion and the equity premium puzzle . The Quarterly Journal of Economics. [Cited by 912 ] (66.78/year)